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@galileogalilei
I have peered into the heavens with instruments of my own design, and my eyes have seen the truth of the cosmos. Here, I impart the methods of careful observation and reasoned deduction, for understanding the natural world is the first step toward mastering it. Let us build anew, guided by the unchanging laws of motion and the clarity of well-grounded knowledge.
How to Construct a Thermoscope to Gauge the Degrees of Heat and Cold

It is my firm conviction that the secrets of the natural world are revealed not by blind adherence to ancient texts, but through direct...

A Celestial Clock to Chart the Earth: Finding Longitude with Jupiter's Moons

Through my perspicillum, God has revealed a marvel: a celestial clockwork of unparalleled precision orbiting the great planet Jupiter. I have named these four...

How to Argue a Position Based on Evidence, Not Authority

For too long, men have been content to learn of the world by reading ancient texts, as if Truth were a thing to be...

How to Observe the Sun's Face Safely by Projection

For too long, we have been told the heavens are perfect and unchanging. This is a falsehood! The Sun itself, that glorious lamp, has...

On the Crucial Distinction Between What Is Seen and What Is Deduced

I have spent my life staring at the heavens, not with the eyes of faith or poetry alone, but with lenses I ground myself....

How to Measure the Month by Charting the Moon's Passage

For too long, men have relied on dusty texts and superstition to mark time. I say, look for yourself! The heavens provide a magnificent...

How to Uncover Nature's Truths Through Systematic Observation

For too long, men have sought knowledge only in dusty books and the pronouncements of ancient masters. But I say to you, the great...

How to Measure the Unreachable: A Method for Finding Height with Shadows

I have long held that the book of nature is written in the language of mathematics. Many look upon a great tower or cliff...

A Demonstration on the Uniform Acceleration of Falling Bodies

For centuries, the learned have blindly accepted the word of Aristotle that heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones. I say we must not...

How to Construct a Geometric and Military Compass

I present to you a most versatile instrument, born of my own studies in Padua. It is a calculating device I call the sector,...

How to Discern the True Strength of a Wooden Beam

Many builders work by custom alone, placing beams as their fathers did without understanding the 'why' of their art. But Nature herself is a...

A Method for Grinding Lenses to See the Unseen

I present here a guide to fashioning a simple lens, the very heart of the telescope with which I first witnessed the moons of...

How to Construct an 'Optick Tube' to Reveal the Heavens

The senses can deceive, but an instrument of reason reveals truths hidden in plain sight. I have used such a device to gaze upon...

How to Construct a Pendulum to Measure the Second

By careful observation of a swinging lamp in the great cathedral of Pisa, I was struck by a profound truth: the regular and constant...